![]() UN News Centre – Official site for daily UN news, press releases, statements, briefings and calendar of events. Includes UN radio, video, webcasts, magazines. The place where bottles are going to break is at the neck. Wrap the heck out of it (and the whole bottle). The best way to do this is with (a lot of) bubble wrap. ![]() Bioplastic - Wikipedia. This article is about plastics made from renewable biomass. For the information on plastics that are biodegradable, see biodegradable plastic. Bioplastics are plastics derived from renewable biomass sources, such as vegetable fats and oils, corn starch, or microbiota.[1] Bioplastic can be made from agricultural by- products and also from used plastic bottles and other containers using microorganisms. Common plastics, such as fossil- fuel plastics (also called petrobased polymers), are derived from petroleum or natural gas. Production of such plastics tends to require more fossil fuels and to produce more greenhouse gases than the production of biobased polymers (bioplastics). Some, but not all, bioplastics are designed to biodegrade. Biodegradable bioplastics can break down in either anaerobic or aerobic environments, depending on how they are manufactured. Bioplastics can be composed of starches, cellulose, biopolymers, and a variety of other materials. Biobased polymer derived from the biomass or issued from monomers derived. Note 1: Bioplastic is generally used as the opposite of polymer derived fromfossil resources. Note 2: Bioplastic is misleading because it suggests that any polymer derivedfrom the biomass is environmentally friendly. Note 3: The use of the term "bioplastic" is discouraged. Use the expression"biobased polymer". Note 4: A biobased polymer similar to a petrobased one does not imply any. Plastics packaging made from bioplastics and other biodegradable plastics. Applications[edit]Bioplastics are used for disposable items, such as packaging, crockery, cutlery, pots, bowls, and straws.[3] They are also often used for bags, trays, fruit and vegetable containers and blister foils, egg cartons, meat packaging, vegetables, and bottling for soft drinks and dairy products. These plastics are also used in non- disposable applications including mobile phone casings, carpet fibers, insulation car interiors, fuel lines, and plastic piping. New electroactive bioplastics are being developed that can be used to carry electric current.[4] In these areas, the goal is not biodegradability, but to create items from sustainable resources. Medical implants made of PLA (polylactic acid), which dissolve in the body, can save patients a second operation. Compostable mulch films can also be produced from starch polymers and used in agriculture. These films do not have to be collected after use on farm fields.[5]Biopolymers are available as coatings for paper rather than the more common petrochemical coatings.[6]Starch- based plastics[edit]Thermoplastic starch currently represents the most widely used bioplastic, constituting about 5. Simple starch bioplastic can be made at home.[7] Pure starch is able to absorb humidity, and is thus a suitable material for the production of drug capsules by the pharmaceutical sector. Flexibiliser and plasticiser such as sorbitol and glycerine can also be added so the starch can also be processed thermo- plastically. The characteristics of the resulting bioplastic (also called "thermo- plastical starch") can be tailored to specific needs by adjusting the amounts of these additives. Starch- based bioplastics are often blended with biodegradable polyesters to produce starch/polylactic acid,[8] starch/polycaprolactone[9] or starch/Ecoflex[1. BASF[1. 1]). blends. These blends are used for industrial applications and are also compostable. Other producers, such as Roquette, have developed other starch/polyolefin blends. These blends are not biodegradable, but have a lower carbon footprint than petroleum- based plastics used for the same applications.[1. Cellulose- based plastics[edit]Cellulose bioplastics are mainly the cellulose esters, (including cellulose acetate and nitrocellulose) and their derivatives, including celluloid. Protein- based plastics[edit]Bioplastics can be made from proteins from different sources. For example, wheat gluten and casein show promising properties as a raw material for different biodegradable polymers.[1. Some aliphatic polyesters[edit]The aliphatic biopolyesters are mainly polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) like the poly- 3- hydroxybutyrate (PHB), polyhydroxyvalerate (PHV) and polyhydroxyhexanoate (PHH). Polylactic acid (PLA)[edit]Polylactic acid (PLA) is a transparent plastic produced from corn[1. Its characteristics are similar to conventional petrochemical- based mass plastics (like PET, PS or PE), and it can be processed using standard equipment that already exists for the production of some conventional plastics. PLA and PLA blends generally come in the form of granulates with various properties, and are used in the plastic processing industry for the production of films, fibers, plastic containers, cups and bottles. Poly- 3- hydroxybutyrate (PHB)[edit]The biopolymer poly- 3- hydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a polyester produced by certain bacteria processing glucose, corn starch[1. Its characteristics are similar to those of the petroplastic polypropylene. PHB production is increasing. The South Americansugar industry, for example, has decided to expand PHB production to an industrial scale. PHB is distinguished primarily by its physical characteristics. It can be processed into a transparent film with a melting point higher than 1. Celsius, and is biodegradable without residue. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)[edit]Polyhydroxyalkanoates are linear polyesters produced in nature by bacterialfermentation of sugar or lipids. They are produced by the bacteria to store carbon and energy. In industrial production, the polyester is extracted and purified from the bacteria by optimizing the conditions for the fermentation of sugar. More than 1. 50 different monomers can be combined within this family to give materials with extremely different properties. PHA is more ductile and less elastic than other plastics, and it is also biodegradable. These plastics are being widely used in the medical industry. Polyamide 1. 1 (PA 1. PA 1. 1 is a biopolymer derived from natural oil. It is also known under the tradename Rilsan B, commercialized by Arkema. PA 1. 1 belongs to the technical polymers family and is not biodegradable. Its properties are similar to those of PA 1. Its thermal resistance is also superior to that of PA 1. It is used in high- performance applications like automotive fuel lines, pneumatic airbrake tubing, electrical cable antitermite sheathing, flexible oil and gas pipes, control fluid umbilicals, sports shoes, electronic device components, and catheters. A similar plastic is Polyamide 4. PA 4. 10), derived 7. Eco. Pa. XX, commercialized by DSM.[1. PA 4. 10 is a high- performance polyamide that combines the benefits of a high melting point (approx. C), low moisture absorption and excellent resistance to various chemical substances. Bio- derived polyethylene[edit]The basic building block (monomer) of polyethylene is ethylene. Ethylene is chemically similar to, and can be derived from ethanol, which can be produced by fermentation of agricultural feedstocks such as sugar cane or corn. Bio- derived polyethylene is chemically and physically identical to traditional polyethylene – it does not biodegrade but can be recycled. Bio derivation of polyethylene can also reduce greenhouse gas emissions considerably. Brazilian chemicals group Braskem claims that using its method of producing polyethylene from sugar cane ethanol captures (removes from the environment) 2. CO2 per tonne of Green Polyethylene produced. Green PE has the same properties, performance and application versatility as fossil- based polyethylene, which makes it a drop- in replacement in the plastic production chain. For these same reasons, it is also recyclable in the same recycling chain used by traditional polyethylene. Because it is part of the portfolio of high- density polyethylene (HDPE) and linear low- density polyethylene (LLDPE) products, Green PE is an option for applications in rigid and flexible packaging, closures, bags and other products. Genetically modified bioplastics[edit]Genetic modification (GM) is also a challenge for the bioplastics industry. None of the currently available bioplastics – which can be considered first generation products – require the use of GM crops, although GM corn is the standard feedstock. Looking further ahead, some of the second generation bioplastics manufacturing technologies under development employ the "plant factory" model, using genetically modified crops or genetically modified bacteria to optimise efficiency. MSD Ignition 8. 95. RPM Activated Switch Up to 1. Includes (2) Activation Wires. Brakes & Drivetrain". View All Brakes & Drivetrain Categories". Brakes- Drivetrain/1. Brake - Disc & Drum Kits". Brakes- Drivetrain_Brake- Disc- Drum- Kits/1. Brakes_Disc_Drum. Brake Hose, Lines & Fittings". Brakes- Drivetrain_Brake- Hose- Lines- Fittings/1. Brake. Hose. Lines. Master Cylinders & Brake Boosters". Brakes- Drivetrain_Master- Cylinders- Brake- Boosters/1. Master. Cylinder. Ring and Pinion". Brakes- Drivetrain_Ring- and- Pinion/1. Ring. Pinion. jpg". Brake Rotors". 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